<div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline">Tom, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline"><br></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline">Off-course, meaning of constancy speed of light is not so straightforward. </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline">Constant speed of light has its roots in Maxwell equations, which is inverse of c squared is equal to product of permittivity and permeability. If c is variable then permeability and permittivity should also vary. Before we declare that speed of light is not constant, we need a consistent explanation along with implication of this variability of c over permittivity and permeability. Assuming that we do not have a </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:11pt">consistent explanation (or if you have then please share), we can only discuss the meaning of this constant speed, and in this context di-sitter experiment seems to be meaningful. Where we discuss velocity the first question that is obvious is with respect to what. And here are some statements trying to find the answer to this question, to which I have commented below:</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline"><font color="#2196f3">>>>>But if light is a constant WRT the medium or the gravitational field of any nearby object, then the two stars would be seen in their "correct" places at all times.</font></span></p><br><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline">So speed of light is constant wrt medium( which is different from gravitational field as per my point of view). Source and receiver made of matter are both </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline">effectively at rest</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline"> wrt background medium. This perfectly explains the constancy. Speed of A(matter) wrt B(medium) is zero, speed of C(light) wrt B is c. Hence speed of A wrt C is also c. I agree that this bizarre </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline">effective rest</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline"> , needs a physical explanation. But definitely an intuitive explanation exists for such a bizarre state of rest, despite the relative velocity of motion.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline"><font color="#2196f3">>>>>The beam from the moving laser strikes the glass at a higher velocity and its light waves will appear to have a frequency 10% higher. This frequency will be preserved throughout the process. And the observer will see the moving laser beam as having a higher frequency – a Doppler shift! But the final velocity of both beams will be the same: c.</font></span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline">So the important point here is the variance of frewuency or energy content per unit time. Let me try to explain, how this could happen. Let the source(star) emits a </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline">constant amount of energy per unit area per unit time t’,</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline"> which is constant for all source, irrespective of the </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline">observed frequency</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline"> . Instead of thinking of Doppler Effect to possibly change the relative travelling speed similar to the case of sound waves, here the source can be modelled as emitting photons consisting of sub-energy packets. All energy sub-packets are released wrt medium at the instanraneous position of source. So if the source is moving away, then number of energy sub-packets travelling per unit length toward the receiver will reduce. These energy sub-packets will be received by source into a packet of single photon collected over a constant period of time t’. Time frequency 1/t’ of all photons is same. What we see in equation hf, is measure of space frequency. Long ago I answered this question on Quora. </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://www.quora.com/Why-does-a-strong-gravity-slow-down-time/answer/Tufail-Abbas-1" style="text-decoration-line:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);text-decoration-line:underline;vertical-align:baseline">https://www.quora.com/Why-does-a-strong-gravity-slow-down-time/answer/Tufail-Abbas-1</span></a></p><br><br><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline">The answer though is not accurate but it only draws analogies, so not to be taken too literally, but it gives an idea about what I am saying about sub-packets. If the logic seems plausible or otherwise if </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:11pt">it create more doubts , then please provide feedback</span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline"><br></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline">Regards,</span></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:arial;vertical-align:baseline">Tufail</span></div><div><br><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Jun 11, 2017 10:39 PM, "<a href="mailto:carmam@tiscali.co.uk">carmam@tiscali.co.uk</a>" <<a href="mailto:carmam@tiscali.co.uk">carmam@tiscali.co.uk</a>> wrote:<br type="attribution"><blockquote class="quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Tufail, I disagree that the constancy of the speed of light has been proved. It has only been inferred. Einstein's famous "trick" was to make the speed of light a constant by decree, and then to measure everything against that constancy (that standard). That trick forces us to measure light as having a constant speed. Yet even relativists say that the speed of light in a gravitational field varies - the stronger the field, the slower the light. So even a relativist must admit that as light from a distant star travels through the cosmos, passing stars or other large masses on its way (to us), it must slow down and speed up. If it passes close enough to a star, it will also bend. This bending can be simply the star's corona (atmosphere) refracting the light, and we have plenty of evidence of that here on Earth as we watch the sunset, and the changing colours, especially the elusive green flash as the sun finally disappears. If we are watching light from a distant star passing a closer one, the light is refracted twice, once on the way in to the closer star, and once again in the opposite sense when leaving the closer star. The net result is cohesive light.<div>Experiments which "prove" that lightspeed is constant do no such thing, as other effects can account for the same result. The one experiment which sticks out in my mind in this matter is de Sitter's double star effect, where it is said that if light was not a constant, then the light from both the receding and approaching star would be seen together. They are not. They are seen in their "correct" places. But if light is a constant WRT the medium or the gravitational field of any nearby object, then the two stars would be seen in their "correct" places at all times. If you are not convinced by this, for a better and clearer understanding than my short explanation above, go to :- <a href="http://www.alternativephysics.org/book/DeSitterEffect.htm" target="_blank">http://www.alternativephysics.<wbr>org/book/DeSitterEffect.htm</a>, an excellent web site by Bernard Burchell.</div><div><br></div><div>Tom Hollings.</div><div><div><br>
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----Original Message----<br>
From: <a href="mailto:tufail.abbas@gmail.com" target="_blank">tufail.abbas@gmail.com</a><br>
Date: 10/06/2017 19:21<br>
To: "General Physics and Natural Philosophy discussion list"<<a href="mailto:physics@tuks.nl" target="_blank">physics@tuks.nl</a>>, <<a href="mailto:carmam@tiscali.co.uk" target="_blank">carmam@tiscali.co.uk</a>><br>
Subj: Re: [Physics] gravity is NOT a force<br>
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<div dir="auto"><div>Tom, please excuse me for a bit different description as I do not agree with variation in speed of light. Constancy of speed of light has been proved through many experiments, so I would prefer to discuss only about meaning of this constancy. We are aware of so many different kind of fields. I simply put them into two different category:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-weight:bold">ANISOTROPIC FIELDS</span>: Gravitational Field, Electromagnetic Field, Strong Force Field, Weak Force Field.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-weight:bold">THE ISOTROPIC FIELD</span>: Yet undiscovered and/or not understood. It is only of one kind, since we cannot have two different kind of Isotropy, similar to the argument that we cannot have two different kind of perfect transparency. It can either be coloured or perfectly transparent. Since we have not understood this field, we speculate our amazement with different names: Aether, Higgs Field, Spacetime, Isotropic Continuum, etc.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">All Anisotropic Fields are local distortion of The Isotropic Field, caused by matter particles which is the source of local distortion/anisotropy. Or in other worlds all fields(including The Isotropic Field) are not different from matter particles but they are part of it. They are all extension of matter particles. Similar is the case with photon (e/m field) , which has no independent existence separate from matter. </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Due to dynamic interaction between the extensions of matter particles, matter particles are always <span style="font-weight:bold">effectively at rest</span> wrt large scale Isotropic field. And extensions are always moving at velocity c wrt same Isotropic Field. So speed of light<span style="font-weight:bold"> (extension) </span>is constant with respect to matter<span style="font-weight:bold"> (source)</span>.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Regards,</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Tufail Abbas</div><div dir="auto"><br><div class="gmail_extra" dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div></div></div></div>
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